To determine how much matter is packed into a given space, two fundamental physical properties must be ascertained: mass and volume. Mass quantifies the amount of substance present in an object, typically measured in grams (g) or kilograms (kg). Volume represents the amount of three-dimensional space that an object occupies, frequently expressed in cubic centimeters (cm) or liters (L). These two properties are essential for calculating density.
Accurate determination of these properties allows for material identification and quality control across various scientific and engineering disciplines. Knowing how densely packed a substance is can inform decisions in manufacturing, construction, and research, aiding in predicting material behavior and ensuring structural integrity. Historically, the understanding and application of density measurements have been critical to advancements in metallurgy, fluid dynamics, and materials science.