The First-In, First-Out (FIFO) method for inventory valuation assumes that the first units purchased are the first ones sold. Therefore, the remaining inventory at the end of an accounting period consists of the most recently acquired goods. The value of closing inventory is calculated by identifying the cost of the newest items in stock until the total number of units in closing inventory is accounted for. For example, if a company has 100 units in closing inventory, and the last 60 units were purchased at $10 each while the 40 units before that were purchased at $8 each, the closing inventory value would be (60 x $10) + (40 x $8) = $920.
This valuation technique offers several advantages. It often aligns with the actual physical flow of goods, especially for perishable items or items subject to obsolescence. In periods of rising prices, this approach typically results in a lower cost of goods sold (COGS) and a higher net income, potentially benefiting a company’s reported profitability. Historically, it has been favored for its ease of understanding and application, contributing to its widespread adoption across various industries.