Normal stress, often denoted by the Greek letter sigma (), is defined as the force acting perpendicularly to a surface divided by the area over which the force is distributed. This stress component describes the intensity of the force acting to either pull (tension) or push (compression) on a material. As an example, consider a cable supporting a weight. The normal stress within the cable is calculated by dividing the weight (the force) by the cross-sectional area of the cable.
Understanding this stress is critical in numerous engineering applications. It allows for predicting material behavior under load, designing structures that can withstand applied forces without failure, and ensuring the safety and reliability of engineered systems. The concept has its roots in the development of continuum mechanics and material science, evolving alongside advancements in structural analysis and design methodologies. Its significance lies in its ability to quantify the internal forces within a material, providing a basis for evaluating its structural integrity.